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There are around two million flats in Berlin. This means that there must also be around two million basements. And there are probably several million household appliances stored in Berlin basements that are no longer used due to defects or blemishes. Despite ambitious climate targets, Germany is a throwaway society that produces vast amounts of electronic waste. This is not surprising. Buying new is usually cheaper than repairing. And discount campaigns such as Black Friday also urge us to replace even functioning products just because they are already a few years old.

The city of Berlin now wants to make repairing household items easier. In addition to the introduction of a repair bonus, the free online platform repami has been launched. On this platform, Berlin's municipal cleaning service, together with the Chamber of Crafts and the ‘anstiftung’ foundation, lists volunteer repair cafés and repair workshops. As the city of Berlin is aiming to become waste-free by 2030—in other words, in just a few years' time—such offers are an important step towards a “zero-waste city”.

repami already offers over 150 places to repair your stuff

In November 2024, repami already listed 156 repair cafés and workshops such as shoemakers, tailors, electrical shops and more. While interested parties have to pay for the services of craftspeople, visits to repair cafés are usually free of charge. You can repair the items you bring with you and use tools that most households don't have. In addition, users receive free advice if they get stuck with their repair.

As repairing items can be a complex process, most organisations focus on specific product categories. Users can therefore filter the entries in repami using dozens of categories. Carola Zarth, President of the Berlin Chamber of Skilled Crafts, sees the new network as an "important contribution to sustainability and to strengthening the skilled crafts sector in our city".

With its connection to the ‘Netzwerk Reparatur-Initiativen’, repami also has access to a reliable basis. The model of the ‘anstiftung’ foundation has been collecting volunteer repair cafés across Germany for years. Interested parties can use the calendars to view available dates and get in touch with the operators of the facilities via contact information.

The platform connects commercial businesses with voluntary organisations

The combination of craftsmanship and volunteering is what makes repami different. Both free and paid offers are listed, leaving the decision up to the user. Some may want to invest money to repair an item, while others would rather invest time and a bit of elbow grease.

But Berliners don't have to cover the whole cost of a repair either: With the new repair bonus, people who have electronic devices repaired are reimbursed a portion of the repair costs. The money for this comes from Senate funds and can theoretically also be obtained for repairs via repami. However, some providers on repami point out that they are unable to offer the repair bonus due to time constraints. The repair bonus can only be applied for retrospectively; this results in administrative costs that are unmanageable for some small businesses. You can find out more about the repair bonus and the differences to programmes in other countries here. Beyond Germany, repaircafe.org has a global directory of repair cafes as well as articles on how to repair specific items.

We tested out repami in Berlin

The RESET editorial team is based in Berlin, so we were able to test out repami's features in person. We wanted help replacing a few buttons on a pair of trousers. We filtered using the category "clothing", enabling us to find suitable repair cafés in just a few seconds. repami shows the repair options on an interactive map so that you can find one nearby. Alternatively, it offers a list of repair cafés and workshops based on the dates they had availability. The outcome? repami made it easy to find help and our trousers were soon fixed.

A practical feature of repami is that cafés and workshops are separated by colour. This keeps the more than 150 entries organised and allows you to maintain an overview of options even in densely populated regions. In our example, we were looking for a repair café and were redirected to the ‘Netzwerk Reparatur-Initiativen’ platform. Here you can find more detailed information about upcoming events and can contact people within the organisation.

The success of a repair in a repair café comes down to your own manual skills. Because of this, it's useful that repami also lists places where you can get items repaired professionally. In any case, using repami will prevent you from having to buy a new item.

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We've all been there: our smartphone has minor damage and instead of having it repaired, we just get a new one. But many discarded devices could have been repaired. To decrease the number of smartphones and devices that are thrown away, Berlin introduced a repair bonus in September 2024. The bonus has already been in place in Saxony and Thuringia for several years—with great success.

Why it pays to repair smartphones and devices

If an electrical device is broken, it usually ends up in the bin—even if the damage could easily have been fixed. Many people find repairs too expensive or inconvenient. According to the Baker Institute at Rice University, e-waste has become the fastest growing waste stream in the world. On average, each person produces 7.3 kilograms of e-waste per year.

Although they contain many valuable raw materials, very few discarded devices are recycled. The recycling rate for electronics in Europe and the USA is less than 20 percent. Instead, electronic waste ends up in landfill sites. And these e-waste landfills are among the most toxic places in the world.

From an ecological point of view, repairing devices is well worth it. According to Global 2000, buying a new washing machine, for example, pays off after 17 to 23 years at the earliest. Even if the new electrical appliance has a lower energy consumption, the emissions from the raw materials and production for a new appliance are only offset after a long time. If the lifespan of all washing machines, notebooks, vacuum cleaners and smartphones in the EU were extended by just a single year, around four million tons of CO2 emissions would be saved. This is equivalent to having two million fewer cars on the road.

To tackle this problem, there is now an EU-wide right to repair. However, it is up to individual countries to implement it. And while some countries are leading the way with the repair bonus, not much has happened in large parts of the EU.

The repair bonus as an alternative to buying new

“Repair must become a sensible alternative to buying new for consumers,” says Ramona Pop, Director of the Federation of German Consumer Organizations (VZVB). “The price often determines whether a product is repaired. Consumers must therefore be supported financially if they decide to have a product repaired.”

In order to keep the price of repairs low, Berlin and Saxony reimburse half of the costs for repairs up to 200 euros. In Thuringia, 50 percent of the costs are also covered but capped at 100 euros per person per year. The bonus actually covers all electronic devices, from smartphones and laptops to “white goods” such as fridges and washing machines.

The repair bonus is available regardless of whether the electrical appliances were repaired in a store or in a Repair Café. In the case of free repairs carried out in a Repair Café, the bonus can also be used to reimburse the cost of spare parts.

With the repair bonus scheme, customers have to pay upfront for repairs. They then receive the bonus by submitting an application for the refund. (Watch out for bureaucracy! It does take some patience to upload all documents in full.)

You can apply for the repair bonus here:

Repairs have taken off in Thuringia and Saxony

The bonus has been available in Thuringia since 2021 and in Saxony since 2023. In Saxony alone, around 10,000 electrical appliances were repaired in the first half of 2024. This mainly included cell phones and “white goods”, i.e. washing machines, dishwashers and ovens. And around 30,000 applications for the Thuringian repair bonus, which entered its fourth round in May 2024, have been approved in recent years.

“The repair bonus in Thuringia and Saxony was a great success. It could be a model for introducing it nationwide,” says Ramona Pop. The VZVB is calling on the federal government to introduce a nationwide repair bonus—and to extend it to more products.

France's model: a nationwide repair bonus

France shows us what a straightforward, nationwide repair bonus could look like. They have been offering a bonus for repaired electrical appliances since December 2022. It is extremely easy for consumers to receive the bonus: the amount is deducted from a customer's invoice by the repair company, reports the Center for European Consumer Protection. This system means that receiving the bonus in France doesn't require any paperwork.

In November, the system was also extended to shoes and clothing. And the French anti-discard law goes even further: additional product categories are to be gradually included in the bonus system, including furniture, tools, sports equipment and bicycles.

In Austria, there is also a nationwide EU subsidy for repairs. The program is applicable for all household electrical appliances and covers half of the repair costs up to a maximum of 200 euros per appliance. According to the city administration, more than 35,000 items have been repaired in Vienna since September 2020. These repairs have saved around 850 tons of CO2 and around 355 tons of waste.

One challenge in Austria is that the repair bonus can only be redeemed at certain partner businesses. Some locations have a long wait for repairs due to the small number of registered businesses. However, the number of participating businesses is now to be increased step by step through targeted letters and advertising measures by the chambers of commerce.

As of October, California has introduced a right to repair law. Because the US state is home to many technology companies, the new repair regulations will have repercussions beyond California. Devices bought across the US will now have more possibilities for repair.

More speed for the right to repair

Overall, the repair bonus is an important way to incentivise repairing instead of throwing away. And as well as protecting resources, an increase in repairs also supports local tradespeople.

However, the amount of cost covered is still very low. Larger, but possibly worthwhile repairs are not covered. In Germany, there is also a considerable amount of bureaucracy involved in obtaining the bonus.

In addition, the continuation of the repair bonus in Germany in 2025 is not guaranteed. But there is hope: Federal Environment Minister Steffi Lemke has announced that a national repair law will be presented this year. However, the law hasn't been drafted yet.

In any case, consumers do not seem averse to repairs. According to a survey commissioned by BUND in 2023, 62 percent of respondents would have carried out more repairs if there had been a national repair bonus.

In order to move towards a genuine circular economy, it would make sense to extend subsidies to all product groups. Another lever could also be tax benefits for repairs. “Consumers should have the right to have all their products and appliances repaired,” says Ramona Pop. “If the EU is serious about the right to repair, it should pick up the pace.”

But until then, there are practical steps we can take. In this article, you will find tips on how to reduce your e-waste: The environmental problem of e-waste—and what we can do about it.

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Some brands in the fashion industry are notorious for keeping their supply chain behind a smoke screen. From materials to chemicals to working conditions, the evidence for sustainable and ethical claims is rarely easily accessible. But one day soon, you’ll be able to see all this information by scanning a QR code in the clothes you buy. You’ll also receive details on how to repair, resell or recycle the product. This QR code is known as a Digital Product Passport.

Digital Product Passports (DPPs) are currently an optional extra for fashion brands looking to build trust among their consumers. But they are expected to become mandatory in the EU as early as 2026. The regulations won’t just apply to products made in the EU but any product sold there. Worldwide fashion brands will have to add DPPs to their products to retain their European customer base. These measures are part of the EU’s Green Deal and its commitment to creating a circular economy by 2050.

The fashion industry is responsible for a lot of pollution

According to the EU, the fashion industry is responsible for 10 percent of global pollution—more than marine shipping and international flights combined. So, while DPPs are being introduced in many industries, from construction to electronics, we’re talking about the fashion industry specifically. 

As well as emitting carbon, the production of our clothes also requires water: an estimated 79 trillion litres annually. Then, there’s the issue of disposal. Our trend-led culture means that clothes are thrown out at an alarming rate—and are rarely properly recycled. Up to 30 percent of clothes you donate to charity actually end up in shops. The rest are shipped to the Global South, where they are resold, or more likely, burned, thrown in waterways or end up in dumps. And the people who make clothes for fast fashion brands often work long days for low wages in unsafe conditions. This has led to disasters like the Rana Plaza crash of 2013, where 1,100 people died producing clothes for the likes of Primark and Mango.

The fashion industry isn’t known for its culture of transparency surrounding these issues. Greenwashing claims abound, as do murky and complex supply chains. The introduction and enforcement of the DPP will allow consumers to make more conscious choices about who they want to buy from.

The Digital Product Passport rollout faces challenges

RESET spoke with Dr. Abraham Zhang, senior lecturer in Supply Chain Management and Technology at the University of Glasgow and co-author of the research paper “Digital product passport for sustainable and circular supply chain management: a structured review of use cases”. He hopes that “the rollout of the DPP will help improve the sustainability of the whole fashion supply chain” and “substantially” enhance transparency in the industry. But he also points out that this is a long and dynamic process. DPPs will “hopefully enhance sustainability performance over a few years”, as the EU implements increasingly stricter requirements for data to be disclosed.

According to Zhang, a challenge for the DPP could also be engagement. Consumers “may not be bothered to scan the code”, he points out. Research from Bain & Company shows a discrepancy between fashion consumers’ willingness to act sustainably and how often they make sustainable choices. This attitude-behaviour gap was most pronounced when it came to action that required consumers to collect and verify information. So while it’s possible that consumers may not take action by scanning the code, the DPP does offer them all the information they require in one location. Perhaps the ease of this will inspire them to take the extra step of scanning an item’s DPP and making sustainable choices accordingly.

Digital Product Passports can “keep products in the loop longer and longer”

Ana Kristiansson, an expert in Digital Product Passports, shared her knowledge with RESET. She believes “DPPs are an extremely positive thing because full transparency in operations gives you a closer relationship with suppliers, manufacturers and customers. Brands now have a chance to educate their consumers.”

Kristiansson founded Portia, a cloud solution that helps brands integrate DPPs and is “an entire circular solution for the full life cycle of a product”. A holistic viewpoint is crucial for Kristiansson, who wants to connect a brand with their consumers, wholesalers and distributors within one portal and encourage circularity from all parties involved in bringing a product to life. She explains how brands can include traceability information, repair and recycling instructions and even resale platforms within their DPP. She adds that “it’s about keeping products in the loop longer and longer”.

The first step in a long journey

The introduction of DPPs—and the EU’s regulations that plan to enforce them—is undoubtedly a step forward for an industry that has long hidden its unsustainable practices behind a barrage of greenwashing. There are challenges to overcome: Kristiansson points out that penalties need to be put in place and enforced for DPPs to have an impact. Zhang tells RESET how supply chains that involve many subcontractors can be difficult to trace. And overall, “[the DPP] needs a lot more research,” he says. “Not just academic, but industry applied research to make it a real success.”

But the upcoming requirement to add DPPs to products puts pressure on fashion brands. All the information on how an item was made—the supply chain, materials, chemicals; the person whose hands stitched fabric into wearable clothes—will have to be revealed. Regulators won’t tolerate smoke screens any longer. Let’s hope consumers won’t either.

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Very few people can imagine life without a smartphone, and after all, nowadays little works without digital tools or services. But data traffic, as "disembodied" as it may seem, requires an infrastructure of servers, data centres, transmission technologies and, of course, corresponding devices. This means that our digital world carries heavy baggage with it: constantly growing energy consumption, the often exploitative and environmentally harmful production of smart tools, and at the end of their often far too short lives, they end up in the bin as electronic waste.

Let's take a closer look at the latter point: our consumption of electrical appliances is responsible for the fastest growing share of the global waste mountain. According to the United Nations Institute for Training and Research’s Global E-Waste Monitor, an estimated 53.6 million tonnes (Mt) of e-waste were generated worldwide in 2019. That is equivalent to the weight of about 6,800 Eiffel towers. According to the report, Asia generated the greatest volume of e-waste in 2019 — some 24.9 Mt, followed by the Americas (13.1 Mt) and Europe (12 Mt), while Africa and Oceania generated 2.9 Mt and 0.7 Mt respectively.

The consequences for people and the environment are fatal. More than half of this huge mountain of waste is shipped cheaply to countries in the global South. There, the valuable raw materials are recovered under often inhumane working conditions and considerable environmental pollution, whereby the local workers are exposed to enormous health risks. The same also applies to the extraction of raw materials and production: our smart devices largely come from countries where labour rights and environmental standards are disregarded.

The "Better" Smartphones

More sustainable alternatives are still hard to find. But there are some companies and initiatives that support the change to a resource-saving circular economy with sustainable materials, clever recycling methods as well as advocating for a more conscious use of raw materials and fair working conditions. Fairphone and Shiftphone prove with their smartphones that a durable and environmentally friendly design is definitely possible. Their devices are modular and easy to repair, which saves them from a premature end as electronic waste. At the same time, the companies pay attention to fair wages and working conditions, refrain from child labour and focus on resource-saving production. Nager IT has dedicated itself to the topic of computer mice: With fair production, the association wants to promote the development of fair IT. Meanwhile, Recable produces USB cables that are 90 percent recyclable.

Repair, Buy Used, Donate

Often, appliances are quickly replaced by the latest generation and worn-out and broken appliances are disposed of with household waste - or they gather dust in our drawers. Not only is this not sustainable, but valuable resources and raw materials are wasted. One tonne of e-waste from computers and laptops, for example, contains about 70 kilograms of copper, 140 grams of silver and 30 grams of gold. The production of digital end devices also causes considerable greenhouse gas emissions: The production of a laptop generates around 250 kilograms of CO2, for a smartphone or a digital voice assistant (Alexa etc) it is around 100 kilograms.

Repairing, buying used and donating are sustainable approaches to solving the problem, as this extends the life of the devices and allows them to be recycled. The German platform MeinMacher.de, for example, lists many recognised specialist companies that take care of defective devices. Talented hobbyists can find easy-to-understand repair instructions for all kinds of devices and a wide range of spare parts on the iFixit platform. Fully functional devices can be bought and sold on eBay or eBay Classifieds, and large online retailers such as Rebuy, Refurbed and Backmarket offer used devices with a guarantee.

For example, a German project "Hardware for Future" collects smartphones and tablets and then redistributes them to pupils from low-income families. A similar project in the UK, the childrens charity Little Lives, uses older donated models as the basis for technology education classes in schools, refugee centres and councils.

Last but not least, in many countries, government regulations are in place forcing some retailers to take back and properly dispose of electronic waste, although this may vary greatly between nations. In Germany, all supermarkets of 800 square metres or larger must accept smaller (25 centimetres or less) electronic waste, while in the UK stores with an electronics section 400 square metres or larger must also accept small e-waste. In the US, the rules vary even further between individual states.

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There are around two million flats in Berlin. This means that there must also be around two million basements. And there are probably several million household appliances stored in Berlin basements that are no longer used due to defects or blemishes. Despite ambitious climate targets, Germany is a throwaway society that produces vast amounts of electronic waste. This is not surprising. Buying new is usually cheaper than repairing. And discount campaigns such as Black Friday also urge us to replace even functioning products just because they are already a few years old.

The city of Berlin now wants to make repairing household items easier. In addition to the introduction of a repair bonus, the free online platform repami has been launched. On this platform, Berlin's municipal cleaning service, together with the Chamber of Crafts and the ‘anstiftung’ foundation, lists volunteer repair cafés and repair workshops. As the city of Berlin is aiming to become waste-free by 2030—in other words, in just a few years' time—such offers are an important step towards a “zero-waste city”.

repami already offers over 150 places to repair your stuff

In November 2024, repami already listed 156 repair cafés and workshops such as shoemakers, tailors, electrical shops and more. While interested parties have to pay for the services of craftspeople, visits to repair cafés are usually free of charge. You can repair the items you bring with you and use tools that most households don't have. In addition, users receive free advice if they get stuck with their repair.

As repairing items can be a complex process, most organisations focus on specific product categories. Users can therefore filter the entries in repami using dozens of categories. Carola Zarth, President of the Berlin Chamber of Skilled Crafts, sees the new network as an "important contribution to sustainability and to strengthening the skilled crafts sector in our city".

With its connection to the ‘Netzwerk Reparatur-Initiativen’, repami also has access to a reliable basis. The model of the ‘anstiftung’ foundation has been collecting volunteer repair cafés across Germany for years. Interested parties can use the calendars to view available dates and get in touch with the operators of the facilities via contact information.

The platform connects commercial businesses with voluntary organisations

The combination of craftsmanship and volunteering is what makes repami different. Both free and paid offers are listed, leaving the decision up to the user. Some may want to invest money to repair an item, while others would rather invest time and a bit of elbow grease.

But Berliners don't have to cover the whole cost of a repair either: With the new repair bonus, people who have electronic devices repaired are reimbursed a portion of the repair costs. The money for this comes from Senate funds and can theoretically also be obtained for repairs via repami. However, some providers on repami point out that they are unable to offer the repair bonus due to time constraints. The repair bonus can only be applied for retrospectively; this results in administrative costs that are unmanageable for some small businesses. You can find out more about the repair bonus and the differences to programmes in other countries here. Beyond Germany, repaircafe.org has a global directory of repair cafes as well as articles on how to repair specific items.

We tested out repami in Berlin

The RESET editorial team is based in Berlin, so we were able to test out repami's features in person. We wanted help replacing a few buttons on a pair of trousers. We filtered using the category "clothing", enabling us to find suitable repair cafés in just a few seconds. repami shows the repair options on an interactive map so that you can find one nearby. Alternatively, it offers a list of repair cafés and workshops based on the dates they had availability. The outcome? repami made it easy to find help and our trousers were soon fixed.

A practical feature of repami is that cafés and workshops are separated by colour. This keeps the more than 150 entries organised and allows you to maintain an overview of options even in densely populated regions. In our example, we were looking for a repair café and were redirected to the ‘Netzwerk Reparatur-Initiativen’ platform. Here you can find more detailed information about upcoming events and can contact people within the organisation.

The success of a repair in a repair café comes down to your own manual skills. Because of this, it's useful that repami also lists places where you can get items repaired professionally. In any case, using repami will prevent you from having to buy a new item.

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Content to: Repair

Repami: New Online Platform Brings Repair Cafés and Workshops Together

Buying new instead of repairing is still the norm in Germany and beyond. Online platform repami is here to make repairs easier.

Berlin Rewards the Repair of Smartphones and Other Devices: How the New Repair Bonus Works

Since September 2024, Berlin's repair bonus has been helping consumers with the cost of repairs. It's high time it was introduced nationwide.

Will Digital Product Passports Change the Game in Fashion?

Digital Product Passports will tell consumers about the sustainability of their clothes. Will they reduce the industry’s carbon emissions?

The Global Environmental E-Waste Problem: What Can You Do About It?

E-waste is the world's fastest growing waste mountain. But there are ways to stop this development.